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The Telephone - A Brief History
By Jason Morris, Sat Dec 10th
During the 1870’s, two well known inventors both independentlydesigned devices that could transmit sound along electricalcables. Those inventors were Alexander Graham Bell and ElishaGray. Both devices were registered at the patent office withinhours of each other. There followed a bitter legal battle overthe invention of the telephone, which Bell subsequently won. The telegraph and telephone are very similar in concept, and itwas through Bell’s attempts to improve the telegraph that hefound success with the telephone. The telegraph had been a highly successful communication systemfor about 30 years before Bell began experimenting. The mainproblem with the telegraph was that it used Morse code, and waslimited to sending and receiving one message at a time. Bell hada good understanding about the nature of sound and music. Thisenabled him to perceive the possibility of transmitting morethan one message along the same wire at one time. Bell’s ideawas not new, others before him had envisaged a multipletelegraph. Bell offered his own solution, the “HarmonicTelegraph”. This was based on the principal that musical notescould be sent simultaneously down the same wire, if those notesdiffered in pitch.
By the latter part of 1874 Bell’s experiment had progressedenough for him to inform close family members about thepossibility of a multiple telegraph. Bell’s future father inlaw, attorney Gardiner Green Hubbard saw the opportunity tobreak the monopoly exerted by the Western Union TelegraphCompany. He gave Bell the financial backing required for him tocarry on his work developing the multiple telegraph. HoweverBell failed to mention that he and his accomplice, anotherbrilliant young electrician Thomas Watson, were developing anidea which occurred to him during the summer. This idea was tocreate a device that could transmit the human voice electrically. Bell and Watson continued to work on the harmonic telegraph atthe insistence of Hubbard and a few other financial backers.During March 1875 Bell met with a man called Joseph Henrywithout the knowledge of Hubbard. Joseph Henry was the respecteddirector of the Smithsonian Institution. He listened closely toBell’s ideas and offered words of encouragement. Both Bell andWatson were spurred on by Henry’s opinions and continued theirwork with even greater enthusiasm and determination. By June1875 they realised their goal of creating a device that couldtransmit speech electrically would soon be realised. Theirexperiments had proven different tones would vary the strengthof an electric current in a wire. Now all they had to do was build a device with a suitablemembrane capable of turning those tones into varying electroniccurrents and a receiver to reproduce the variations and turnthem back into audible format at the other end. In early June,Bell discovered that while working on his harmonic telegraph, hecould hear a sound over the wire. It was the sound of a twangingclock spring. It was on March 10th 1876 that Bell was to finallyrealise the success and communications potential of his newdevice. The possibilities of being able to talk down anelectrical wire far outweighed those of a modified telegraphsystem, which was essentially based on just dots and dashes. According to Bell’s notebook entry for that date, he describeshis most successful experiment using his new piece of equipment,the telephone. Bell spoke to his assistant Watson, who was inthe next room, through the instrument and said “Mr Watson, comehere, I want to speak to you”. Alexander Graham Bell was born on 3rd March 1847 in Edinburgh,Scotland. His family were leading authorities in elocution andspeech correction. He was groomed and educated to follow acareer in the same speciality. By the age of just 29 in 1876 hehad invented and patented the telephone. His thorough
knowledgeof sound and acoustics helped immensely during the developmentof his telephone, and gave him the edge over others working onsimilar projects at that time. Bell was an intellectual ofquality rarely found since his death. He was a man alwaysstriving for success and searching for new ideas to nurture anddevelop. The telephone – important dates 1. 1874 – Principal of the telephone was uncovered. 2. 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, beatingElisha Gray by a matter of hours. 3. 1877 – The very first permanent outdoor telephone wire wascompleted. It stretched a distance of just three miles. This wasclosely followed in the U.S. by the worlds first commercialtelephone service. 4. 1878 – The workable exchange was developed, which enabledcalls to be switched between subscribers rather than havingdirect lines. 5. 1879 – Subscribers began to be designated by numbers and nottheir names. 6. 1880’s – Long distance service expanded throughout thisperiod using metallic circuits. 7. 1888 – Common battery system developed by Hammond V. Hayes,allows one central battery to power all telephones on anexchange, rather than relying on each units own battery. 8. 1891 – First automatic dialling system invented by a KansasCity undertaker. He believed that crooked operators were sendinghis potential customers elsewhere. It was his aim to get rid ofthe operators altogether. 9. 1900 – First coin operated telephone installed in Hartford,Connecticut. 10. 1904 – “French Phone” developed by the Bell Company. Thishad the transmitter and receiver in a simple handset. 11. 1911 – American Telephone and Telegraph (AT & T) acquire theWestern Union Telegraph Company in a hostile takeover. Theypurchased stocks in the company covertly and the two eventuallymerged. 12. 1918 – It was estimated that approximately ten million Bellsystem telephones were in service throughout the U.S. 13. 1921 – The switching of large numbers of calls was madepossible through the use of phantom circuits. This allowed threeconversations to take place on two pairs of wires. 14. 1927 – First transatlantic service from New York to Londonbecame operational. The signal was transmitted by radio waves. 15. 1936 – Research into electronic telephone exchanges beganand was eventually perfected in the 1960’s with the electronicswitching system (SES). 16. 1946 – Worlds first commercial mobile phone service put intooperation. It could link moving vehicles to a telephone networkvia radio waves. 17. 1947 – Microwave radio technology used for the first timefor long distance phone calls. 18. 1947 – The transistor was invented at Bell laboratories. 19. 1955 – Saw the beginning of the laying of transatlantictelephone cables. 20. 1962 – The worlds first international communicationssatellite, Telstar was launched. 21. 1980’s – The development of fibre optic cables during thisdecade, offered the potential to carry much larger volumes ofcalls than satellite or microwaves. 22. 1980’s, 1990’s, to present – Huge advances in microelectronic technology over the last two decades have enabled thedevelopment of cellular (mobile) phones to advance at a trulyastonishing rate. A cellular (mobile) phone has its own centraltransmitter allowing it to receive seamless transmissions as itenters and exits a cell. Some people believe the impact of the telephone has had on ourlives is negative. Whatever your beliefs, it is un-doubtablethat the invention and development of the telephone has had amassive impact on the way we live our lives and go about ourevery day business.
About the author:Jason Morris is co-author, search engine optimization andmarketing consultant of BusinessPhone Systems Direct. Specialists in the supply andinstallation of business phone systems and accessories
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